The Linux Helpline

Linux utilizes what is called "runlevels". A runlevel is a software configuration of the system that allows only a selected group of processes to exist. Init can run the system in one of eight runlevels. These runlevels are 0-6 and S or s. The system runs in only one of these runlevels at a time. Typically these runlevels are used for different purposes. Runlevels 0, 1, and 6 are reserved. For Redhat Linux version 6, the runlevels are: 0 - halt 1 - Single user mode 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you don't have networking) 3 - Full multiuser mode 4 - unused 5 - X11 6 - Reboot 1.       level 0 : to halt the system, it reboots the systems again and again after login in 2.       level1 :single user mode, this is a special mode in which only one use ie the super user mode in which limited syst...

1.       Bin: provides binary libraries ie. All the library files required for execution of a program. It also creates links for the various programs which are installed in the system. 2.        Boot: this directory contains the various boot related files for eg the the configurations of boot loaders like(GRUB and lilo),kernel files(that form the core of linux). 3.        Cdrom:this is a directory in which the cd rom is mounted. 4.        Dev: this directory contains the basic configuration files for devices and their respective drivers which are used when various devices are called by the system programs. 5.        etc : This is the most important directory in the linux file system hierarchy. It consist of all the files required for for a software to run ie all the source files whjch are required during execution are present here. It consi...

This could be easily done using single user mode of linux. 1.To boot into single user mode change any entry of grub that boots ubuntu 2. Go to the kernel line and add single at the end of it. 3. Now boot from it. 4. Once it boots to change root password Passwd root 5. Change password and enjoy

First of all ensure u have at least 20 GB of space free in ur hardisk(free means unallocated memory) Once u do that reboot ur system and boot the ubuntu cd from the boot option or change boot preferences from the BIOS. Once your BIOS is configured to boot from CD first, if you have Ubuntu in the drive, you should see the splash screen with a ubuntu written on it. Ubuntu will take a couple of minutes to load up. Just be patient. Select your preferred language. If you have at least 512 MB of RAM, you may want to select Try Ubuntu, as it will allow you to do other things (check your email, browse the web) while you're installing Ubuntu. If you have only 256 MB or 384 MB of RAM, you should select Install Ubuntu. This will give you the same installation screens you see below, but you won't have the rest of the Ubuntu live session running as well. Select your language. There is a new option in the Ubuntu 11.04 and 10.10 installers that asks if you want to install closed sou...

  Open Ubuntu software Center   Select software sources from the edit menu        3.  Add the below repository in the software source           deb http://www.geekconnection.org/remastersys/repository remastersys/        4.        Close the software sources.        5.        The Ubuntu Software center will automatically refresh the list        6.        Now type in “remastersys” and select install        7.        After it installs open it from the menu it would be in administration        8.        If it is not found make it visible from the edit menu option when u right click on start menu        ...

There are several ways of doing so 1.        Through ubuntu software center a.        Search for the repositories(these are the locations where packages are present) in google. b.       Add the repository in the software sources that is present in Edit -> Software sources. c.        Copy the repository in the sources list. d.       Update the software sources. e.       Now type in the software name in the search box of the software sources. f.         Click on install button and your software is installed. g.        If u don’t see your software go to start menu right click on it , go to edit menu and check in the software from there. 2.        Through the Terminal using apt get a.        Repeat t...

Remote Desktop will only work if there’s a GNOME login session.Leaving your computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure and not recommended. Some Tips 1) You can lock your screen using System--->Quit Once you click on quit you should see the following screen here you need to select lockscreen 2) switch off your monitor when computer is left unattended Configuring Remote Desktop First you need to go to System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop Once it opens you should see the following screen In the above screen you need to configure remote desktop preferences for sharing and security For Sharing you need to tick the box next to the following two options Allow other users to view your desktop Allow other users to control your desktop For Security you need to tick the box next to the following two options Ask you for confirmation (If you tick this option some one need to click on allow from remote desktop once it connected if you don’t want ...

What this guide will try to accomplish The guide basically explains how to create a squashfs image out of your existing Ubuntu installation and copy the entire image to RAM upon boot to speed up your OS. I will also go into some detail of how to make your /home mount from a regular hard drive thereby making sure the important information one would wish to save on their machine would remain untouched between boots. A little history I have always been fascinated with the idea of speeding up an OS by the non-conventional way of providing a faster medium from which it runs. I call this non-conventional because I use to think (and I believe many people still do) that just by buying faster and faster processors that my computer would keep speeding up more and more. Although this is the case to some degree, after purchasing my QX9650 a few years back and not seeing as much of a difference as I would have hoped, I realized there had to be something else that was slowing my c...

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is a family of specifications of an XML-based file format for describing two-dimensional vector graphics, both static and dynamic (i.e. interactive or animated). The SVG specification is an open standard that has been under development by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files. This means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted and, if required, compressed. Since they are XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, but drawing programs are also available that support SVG file formats. All major modern web browsers have at least some degree of support and render SVG markup directly with the exception of any version of Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) released for the widely used Windows XP. SVG allows three types of graphic objects: vector graphics, raster graphics, and text. Graphical objects, including PNG and JPEG raster images, can be grouped, s...

minix is the filesystem used in the Minix operating system, the first to run under Linux. It has a number of shortcomings: a 64MB partition size limit, short filenames, a single time stamp, etc. It remains useful for floppies and RAM disks. ext is an elaborate extension of the minix filesystem. It has been completely superseded by the second version of the extended filesystem ( ext2 ) and has been removed from the kernel (in 2.1.21). ext2 is the high performance disk filesystem used by Linux for fixed disks as well as removable media. The second extended filesystem was designed as an extension of the extended file system ( ext ). ext2 offers the best performance (in terms of speed and CPU usage) of the filesystems supported under Linux. ext3 is a journaling version of the ext2 filesystem. It is easy to switch back and forth between ext2 and ext3. xiafs was designed and implemented to be a stable, safe filesystem by extending the Minix filesystem code. It provides the ba...